Operators in Python

Relational Operators in Python

• Relational operators in Python are used to compare two values or expressions and determine their relationship or relative order.
• These operators return a Boolean value (True or False) based on the comparison result.
• Relational operators help you make decisions and control the flow of your program by evaluating conditions.
• Here are the commonly used relational operators:

1x = 8
2y = 5
3result = x > y  # This evaluates to True because 8 is greater than 5
4

1x = 3
2y = 7
3result = x < y  # This evaluates to True because 3 is less than 7
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1x = 5
2y = 5
3result = x >= y  # This evaluates to True because 5 is equal to 5
4	
5

1x = 4
2y = 6
3result = x <= y  # This evaluates to True because 4 is less than 6
4

1x = 5
2y = 5
3result = x == y  # This evaluates to True because 5 is equal to 5
4	
5

1x = 3
2y = 7
3result = x != y  # This evaluates to True because 3 is not equal to 7
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Logical Operators in Python

1. and

• The "and" operator checks if both conditions on its left and right are True.
• If both are True, the whole expression becomes True; otherwise, it's False.
• Example: If it's sunny and warm, then it's good weather.

1sunny = True
2warm = True
3
4if sunny and warm:
5    print("It's good weather for a picnic!")
6else:
7    print("Maybe another day.")
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2. or

• The "or" operator checks if at least one of the conditions on its left or right is True.
• If either is True, the whole expression becomes True; if both are False, it's False.
• Example: You can have ice cream if it's hot or you're happy.

1hot = True
2happy = False
3
4if hot or happy:
5    print("Time for ice cream!")
6else:
7    print("No ice cream today.")
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3. not

• The "not" operator flips the condition. If something is True, "not" makes it False, and vice versa.
• Example: If it's not raining, you can go out.

1raining = False
2
3if not raining:
4    print("Let's go for a walk!")
5else:
6    print("Stay indoors.")
7

Bitwise Operators in Python

• Bitwise operators in Python are used to perform operations at the binary level, which means they work with 0s and 1s (binary digits) of data.
• For beginners, think of them like switches that can turn bits (0 or 1) on or off within numbers.
• There are several bitwise operators, but the key idea is manipulating individual bits to achieve specific results in your code.
• Here's a simple example:
• Imagine you have two binary numbers: 1010 and 1100. Bitwise operators allow you to perform operations like AND (&), OR (|), XOR (^), NOT (~), and bit shifting (<< and >>) on each corresponding pair of bits.
• For instance, if you use the & operator on 1010 and 1100, you get 1000. This means it turned off (set to 0) the bits where both numbers had 1s.
• In everyday programming, bitwise operators are often used for tasks like data compression, cryptography, and low-level hardware control, making them essential for certain types of applications but less commonly used for typical beginner-level coding.

1# Bitwise AND (&)
2a = 10  # Binary: 1010
3b = 12  # Binary: 1100
4result_and = a & b  # Binary result: 1000, Decimal result: 8
5print(result_and)
6
7
8# Bitwise OR (|)
9a = 10  # Binary: 1010
10b = 12  # Binary: 1100
11result_or = a | b  # Binary result: 1110, Decimal result: 14
12print(result_or)
13
14
15# Bitwise XOR (^)
16a = 10  # Binary: 1010
17b = 12  # Binary: 1100
18result_xor = a ^ b  # Binary result: 0110, Decimal result: 6
19print(result_xor)
20
21
22# Bitwise NOT (~)
23a = 10  # Binary: 1010
24result_not = ~a  # Binary result: -1011 (in two's complement form)
25print(result_not)
26
27
28# Left Shift (<<)
29a = 5  # Binary: 0101
30shifted_left = a << 2  # Binary result: 10100, Decimal result: 20
31print(shifted_left)
32
33
34# Right Shift (>>)
35a = 20  # Binary: 10100
36shifted_right = a >> 2  # Binary result: 0010, Decimal result: 5
37print(shifted_right)
38
39

• In this code, we demonstrate the bitwise AND, OR, XOR, NOT, left shift, and right shift operators with binary and decimal results.
• These operators manipulate the individual bits of numbers, allowing you to perform various operations at the binary level.

Membership Operator in Python

• The membership operator in Python is like a detective tool that helps you find out if something is inside a group or a collection of things.
• It's all about checking whether a particular item is a member of a sequence, like a list or a string.
• Imagine you have a bag of fruits, and you want to know if there's an apple inside it.
• The membership operator is what you'd use. It answers the question, "Is this thing in here?" "Is this here?" It answers the question.

in

• This operator checks if something is a sequence.

not in

• This operator checks if something is not inside a sequence.

1#Using in Operator:
2fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
3if "banana" in fruits:
4    print("Yes, 'banana' is in the list of fruits.")- print("Yes, 'banana' is in the fruit list.")
5else:
6    print("No, 'banana' is not in the list of fruits.")
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1#Using not in Operator:
2animals = ["lion", "tiger", "elephant"]
3if "giraffe" not in animals:
4    print("Yes, 'giraffe' is not in the list of animals.") print("Yes, 'giraffe' is not in the animal list.")
5else:
6    print("No, 'giraffe' is in the list of animals.") print("No, 'giraffe' is in the animal list.")
7