IoT Architectural view, IoT Sources and M2M Communication

What is Internet of Things (IoT)?

• IoT refers to a network of interconnected devices and objects that can collect, exchange, and analyze data without human intervention.
• These devices are equipped with communication technologies like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or cellular networks to connect to the internet.
• Appliance of devices that we used in our daily lives and when we connect theses devices to the internet it is called IOT .

Vision of Internet of Things (IoT)

Internet Oriented Vision

• device contribute and collaborates with each other over the internet .
• Sensors keep on tracking the devices with unique identification number assigned to it.

Things Oriented Vision

• There is the focus on each individuals device.
• This each devices in IOT network is viewed as a discute entity with its own set of characters such as sensors of processing and connecting options.
• These devices are designed to operate automatically , collecting and transmitting the data to others device,
• This recognize the importance of each individual of device in the network and emphasize the need of interoperability and scalability.

Semantic Oriented Vision

• The amount of information gathered by the sensor in enormous. As the result the information gathered is processed efficiently.
• Raw materials are processed to consolidate and reduce recycling. This improves understanding.
• IOT's massive data problem would be solved by emergence of semantic technologies.

Conceptual Framework of Internet of Things (IoT)

• Oracle give equation that tells how to define IOT

• Gather + enrich + stream + manage + acquire + organise and analyse

• Level-1 Gather :- information is gathered via device through via sensor and internet.
• Level 2 Enrich :- Gathered information is improved by process like transcoding ( encoding and decoding ) and act as a gateway between 2 devices .
• Level 3 Stream :- It includes the transmission and reception of data stream managed by communication subsistent.
• Level 4 Managed :- At this point the device data is received by device management and access management subsistent.
• Level 5 Acquare :- The information collected is stored in the data repository .
• Level 6 organise and analyse :- It is responsible for organising and analysis the data set by the object.

Layers of IoT Architecture

• Application Layer
• Data Preprocessing Layer
• Network Layer
• Sensing Layer

Sensing Layer

• Sensor equip smart layer ( smart objects) make up the information of foundation layer.
• The sensor fetches the data to be gathered analyse it in realtime.
• Different types of sensor may serve distinct functionalities .
• for eg . temperature , air quality speed , humidity and so on . May all be measured through sensor. some of the may include memory .
• A physical attribute may be measured by a sensor which transmit a signal that can be interpreted by an instrument.

Network Layer

• It is also known as gateway layer the massive amount of generated of data
• generated by these small sensor need a reliable high performance on wired and wireless architecture.
• The machine to machine network and application that rely on them have
• been supported by existing network even though these networks are bounded by completely different protocolos.
• Private , public or hybrid network exist to tailor the certain needs in terms
• of latency capacity or security in the data transmission different gateway and gateway network .

Data Preprocessing Layer

• It is also known as management service layer . The data is transmitted through the gateway is stored and processed security .
• With loud sever i.e data center from where the data is accessed by the software application turned as business application .
• The processed data is used to perform intelligent activates that make our devices smart.

Application Layer

• End user app or mobile app help and user to monitor or control their devices from remote location.
• These application take important info from the cloud and display on your smartphone.
• The main task where the visualisation and management of important information with
• help of these application user send commands to server to perform some actions like change default temperature of air condition.
• IoT devices use standard internet protocols like TCP/IP, HTTP, or MQTT for communication and data exchange over IP networks.

Technology Behind IOT

Sensors and Actuators

• Sensors collect data from the environment, such as temperature, humidity, motion, or light.
• Actuators perform actions based on the data received from sensors or user commands.

Connectivity

• Wireless protocols like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and cellular networks
• (4G/5G) enable devices to connect and communicate with each other and the internet.
• Wired connections, such as Ethernet, are also used in some IoT applications.

Communication Protocols

• Lightweight communication protocols like MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) and
• CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) are used for efficient data transfer between devices.
• These protocols are designed to work well with limited bandwidth and power-constrained devices.

Edge Computing

• Edge computing brings data processing closer to the source (IoT devices) to reduce latency and improve real-time decision-making.
• It allows for local data analysis and filtering before sending relevant information to the cloud.

Cloud Platforms

• Cloud platforms, such as Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud,
• provide scalable infrastructure for storing, processing, and analyzing IoT data.
• They offer IoT-specific services for device management, data ingestion, and analytics.

Integration and Interoperability

• Middleware platforms and APIs facilitate integration between diverse IoT devices, protocols, and applications,
• ensuring interoperability and seamless data exchange.
• Example: An IoT middleware platform translates data from different sensors into a common format for analytics and decision-making.

Sources of IoT

Wi-Fi

• Wi-Fi technology allows IoT devices to connect to local area networks (LANs) and the internet wirelessly,
• providing high-speed data transmission and connectivity within a certain range.
• Example: Smart home devices like cameras, and speakers connect to Wi-Fi networks for remote control and data sharing.

Bluetooth

• Bluetooth technology enables short-range wireless communication between IoT devices, s
• martphones, and accessories,facilitating seamless data transfer and device pairing.
• Example: Wearable fitness trackers use Bluetooth to sync data with mobile apps for activity tracking and analysis.

Zigbee and Z-Wave

• These low-power wireless protocols are commonly used in smart home automation for creating mesh networks,
• allowing devices to communicate efficiently with minimal energy consumption.
• Example: Smart lighting systems use Zigbee or Z-Wave to control and coordinate multiple light bulbs in a home network.

Cellular Networks

3G/4G/5G

• Cellular networks provide IoT devices with wide-area connectivity,
• allowing them to transmit data over long distances using cellular infrastructure and SIM cards.
• Example: GPS trackers for vehicles use cellular networks to send real-time location data to fleet management systems.

Satellite Communication

• In remote or rural areas with limited terrestrial connectivity, satellite internet services enable IoT devices to access the internet and communicate globally.
• Example: Environmental monitoring systems in remote regions use satellite communication to transmit weather data and alerts.

Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communication

• M2M means no human intervention .
• It is a direct communication system between device using wired and wireless communication without human intervention.
• It collects and share it with other machine .
• for eg Controlling air condition with a smartphone using bluetooth we are in home so on internet is required thi is M2M when we control from a far distance over internet is called IOT .

How M2M Communication Works

Direct Device Interaction

• M2M communication involves direct communication between IoT devices, sensors, or machines without human intervention.
• These devices are equipped with sensors and communication modules to send and receive data.

Data Exchange Protocols

• M2M communication relies on standardized protocols such as MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport), CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol),
• and AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol) to ensure efficient and reliable data transmission.

Real-Time Monitoring and Control

• M2M communication allows devices to monitor real-time data such as temperature, pressure, or location,
• and take automated actions or provide feedback based on predefined rules or algorithms.

Scalable and Distributed Architecture

• M2M communication frameworks are designed for scalability and flexibility, allowing thousands or
• even millions of devices to communicate seamlessly in distributed environments such as industrial facilities or agricultural fields.

Secure Data Exchange

• Security protocols and encryption mechanisms are implemented in M2M
• communication to protect data integrity,and authenticity during transmission, ensuring secure interactions between devices.

Difference Between IOT and M2M

Conclusion